Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is a technique that measures and displays the impedance of a network (cable, filter, and so on) over time. Traditionally, this is done with a device that generates very ...

Testing devices with a large port count (beyond 8 ports) or many separate devices/signal paths simultaneously is the new reality of many automated test and laboratory ...

A frequency response analyzer ('FRA') is often used to measure gain and phase plots of control loops (Bode plots), filter responses and general frequency domain transfer functions. The FRA generally ...

Vector network analyzers (VNAs) are amazing tools that not only let you check an antenna’s VSWR (and return loss) over frequency, but also display the complex impedance of the antenna. Some can be ...