Semigroups, algebraic structures defined by a set equipped with an associative binary operation, are a cornerstone within modern algebra. Their study encompasses both abstract theoretical development ...

The human ecosystem is made of open and closed systems. While the earth is a closed system for matter but an open system for energy, the human body is considered an open system. There is a growing ...

String theory began over 50 years ago as a way to understand the strong nuclear force. Since then, it’s grown to become a theory of everything, capable of explaining the nature of every particle, ...

The mother of all string theories passes a litmus test that, so far, no other candidate theory of quantum gravity has been able to match. It’s not easy being a “theory of everything.” A TOE has the ...