The Sphincter of Oddi (SO) plays a vital role in maintaining the normal bile duct pressure, promoting gallbladder excretion and preventing from reflux. When sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) occurs, ...

The esophageal sphincters are bands of muscles at the top and bottom of the esophagus — the muscular tube that passes food and drink from the mouth to the stomach. Esophageal sphincters open and close ...

The report about sphincter of oddi hypomotility and sphincter of oddi dilation was relatively rare. Whether sphincter of oddi hypomotility and duodenal-biliary reflux existed in these patients and if ...

The standard of care for the extraction of bile duct stones, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with sphincterotomy, is associated with a risk of short-term mortality. Endoscopic ...

This article reviews the role of MRI in the evaluation of benign pancreatic disease. Although MRI and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) are most often used to evaluate the liver and ...