At each sampling time instant, one observes system output and action to form discrete-time rewards. The sampled input-output data are collected along the trajectory of the dynamical system in ...

Continuous bioprocessing PAT requires real-time sensors and closed-loop control to maintain steady-state culture conditions.

A look at the design of traditional ADC front ends. How to simplify the input drive of CTSD ADCs. Simplifying reference and reference-drive designs. In this article, we will use the terms “sensor” or ...

In-line sensors in single-use biomanufacturing enable real-time monitoring of pH, dissolved oxygen, and biomass without ...