All vertebrate and invertebrate animals have an innate immune system, but adaptive immunity is thought to be a uniquely vertebrate feature 3. Underlying adaptive immunity are variable, clonally ...

In the last decade, especially after the 2008 financial crisis, the urban centers of the Midwest such as Chicago and Detroit, but also in the Northeast, such as Baltimore and Philadelphia, have ...

MHC class I and MHC class II molecules have long been intensively studied, and this has resulted in a global view of these processes. New technologies, including genome-wide small interfering RNA ...