Reinforcement learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning that addresses problems where there is no explicit training data. Q-learning is an algorithm that can be used to solve some types of RL ...

Large-scale metal mining operations extract vast quantities of ore and waste rock annually, generating both economic benefits and significant environmental challenges. While mining supports industrial ...

This paper presents the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework to estimate the optimal Dynamic Treatment Regimes from observational medical data. This framework is more flexible and adaptive for ...