In this article, we study some new characterizations of primitive recursive functions based on restricted forms of primitive recursion, improving the pioneering work of R. M. Robinson and M. D.

Self-organized lipid structures (protocells) have been proposed as an intermediate between nonliving material and cellular life. Synthetic production of model protocells can demonstrate the potential ...

The primitive function of spider silk is commonly thought to have been associated with any of three typical behavior patterns seen in the bulk of spiders today: (1) egg protection, (2) prey capture, ...