An open-loop cooling system, also called raw water cooling, draws water directly from the body of water the boat is floating in, whether it's saltwater or freshwater. That water is pulled through a ...

At each sampling time instant, one observes system output and action to form discrete-time rewards. The sampled input-output data are collected along the trajectory of the dynamical system in ...

People with type 1 diabetes require continuous insulin treatment and must regularly measure their glucose levels. With open-loop therapies*, insulin administration is manually controlled, while hybrid ...