One July afternoon in 2024, Ryan Williams set out to prove himself wrong. Two months had passed since he’d hit upon a startling discovery about the relationship between time and memory in computing.

We’ve been discussing simplifying protocol designs for decades. And yet, a phase III protocol today collects nearly 6 million data points on average; a figure that’s been climbing by roughly 11% ...

In 1973, John Archibald Wheeler described the relationship between space and matter in two sentences: “Space acts on matter, telling it how to move. In turn, matter reacts back on space, telling it ...