The most widely used technique for finding the largest or smallest values of a math function turns out to be a fundamentally difficult computational problem. Many aspects of modern applied research ...

a) Conceptual diagram of the on-chip optical processor used for optical switching and channel decoder in an MDM optical communications system. (b) Integrated reconfigurable optical processor schematic ...

The EM algorithm is a very popular and widely applicable algorithm for the computation of maximum likelihood estimates. Although its implementation is generally simple, the EM algorithm often exhibits ...