Establishing measurement equivalence is important because inaccurate assessment may lead to incorrect estimates of effects in research, and to suboptimal decisions at the individual, clinical level.

When contextual features of test-taking environments differentially affect item responding for different test-takers and these features vary across test administrations, they may cause differential ...

Although differential item functioning (DIF) theory traditionally focuses on the behavior of individual items in two (or a few) specific groups, in educational measurement contexts, it is often ...