Data Normalization vs. Standardization is one of the most foundational yet often misunderstood topics in machine learning and ...

PCA documentation tends to use the term standardization, but I often use the more general term, normalization. Each value is normalized using the formula x' = (x - u) / s, where x' is the normalized ...

Every measurement counts at the nanoscopic scale of modern semiconductor processes, but with each new process node the number of measurements and the need for accuracy escalate dramatically. Petabytes ...

AI and large language models (LLMs) are transforming industries with unprecedented potential, but the success of these advanced models hinges on one critical factor: high-quality data. Here, I'll ...