Impact energy is a measure of the work done to fracture a test specimen. When the striker impacts the specimen, the specimen will absorb energy until it yields. At this point, the specimen will begin ...

The impact response of composite materials was of only minor interest prior to the introduction of carbon fiber in the mid-1960s. Before that time, the composites in use were primarily reinforced with ...

Since 1900, when manufacturers started realizing the importance of impact tests, there has been no change in the basic physical aspects of either the test machine or the test procedure. It is a ...