Electronics obtained through the bottom-up approach of molecular-level control of material composition and structure may lead to devices and fabrication strategies not possible with top-down methods.

At the heart of bottom-up nanotechnology lies a process driven by thermodynamics and kinetics, rather than the deterministic approaches characteristic of top-down methods. This fundamental difference ...

Nanofabrication is a way of making devices, systems, and components on a nanoscale. There are two main types of nanofabrication, top-down and bottom-up nanofabrication. Top-down nanofabrication ...

The human brain is a product of evolution. Many psychotherapies and medications focus on adjusting the activity of brain networks that evolved long ago and helped early Homo sapiens survive and ...